World War II - Lend-Lease, Allies, Axis (2024)

On June 10, 1940, when Italy entered the war on the German side and when the fall of France was imminent, U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt declared that the United States would “extend to the opponents of force the material resources of this nation.” After France fell, he pursued this policy by aiding the British in their struggle against Germany. Roosevelt arranged for the transfer of surplus American war matériel to the British under various arrangements, including the exchange of 50 old American destroyers for certain British-held Atlantic bases, and he facilitated the placing of British orders for munitions in the United States. The British decided to rely on the United States unreservedly and without regard to their ability to pay. By December 1940 they had already placed orders for war materials that were far more than they could possibly muster the dollar exchange to finance.

Churchill suggested the concept of lend-lease to Roosevelt in December 1940, proposing that the United States provide war materials, foodstuffs, and clothing to the democracies (and particularly to Great Britain). Roosevelt assented, and a bill to achieve this purpose was passed by the Congress in early 1941. The Lend-Lease Act not only empowered the president to transfer defense materials, services, and information to any foreign government whose defense he deemed vital to that of the United States, but also left to his discretion what he should ask in return. An enormous grant of power, it gave Roosevelt virtually a free hand to pursue his policy of material aid to the “opponents of force.” Congress appropriated funds generously, amounting to almost $13,000,000,000 by November 1941. Other countries besides Britain began receiving lend-lease aid by this time, including China and the Soviet Union. From the time of the German invasion of the U.S.S.R., Roosevelt had been clearly determined to aid the Soviet Union, but the American public’s suspicions of Communism delayed his declaring that country eligible for lend-lease until November 1941. American deliveries of aircraft, tanks, and other supplies to the U.S.S.R. began shortly thereafter.